BEJANA TEKAN / PRESSURE VESSEL (PV).

Pada kesempatan kali ini, saya ingin mencoba sharing perihal Bejana Tekan atau Pressure Vessel, baik dari definisinya, klasifikasinya, dan kegunaan dari bejana tekan itu sendiri.

Adapun definisi dari bejana tekan merupakan wadah tertutup yang dirancang untuk menampung cairan atau gas pada temperatur yang berbeda dari temperatur  lingkungan. Bejana tekan digunakan untuk bermacam-macam  aplikasi di berbagai sektor industri seperti industri kimia (petrochemical plant), energi (power plant),  minyak dan gas (oil & gas), nuklir, makanan, bahkan sampai pada peralatan rumah tangga seperti boiler pemanas air atau pressure cooker.

Klasifikasi bejana tekan dibedakan atas:
1. Fungsi

• Storage  PV. =  Drum
• Heat Exchanger
• Cooker
• Reactor
• Saparator
• Absorber
• Stripper
• Converter 
  
• Destilator

2. Posisi

• Horizontal
• Vertical
• Elevated/Tilt

3. Material

• Metalic
• Non Metalic : Semen, fiber glass

Berikut contoh gambar bejana tekan:

Komponen dari Bejana tekan, diantaranya:

1. Common PV/Drum

• Shell
• Head : Flat, conical, hemispherical, dan ellipsoidal.
• Nozzle
• Manhole
• Reinforce pad
•  Saddle
• Lifting Lug

2. Heat Exchanger, terdiri dari : tube sheet dan tube.
3. Tall Pressure Vessel : destillation column,  reaktor, dan stripper.

Pressure Vessel Manufacturing
Basic design -> Detail design -> Procurement -> Fabrication -> Instalation -> Testing

1. Basic design

    Pada tahapan ini diperlukan data sheet berupa: lokasi pemanfaatan, jenis bejana tekan  yang akan dibuat, kapasitas, ukuran, kondisi operasi, bahan material, dan data lain yang sekiranya dibutuhkan. Kemudian masuk pada tahapan pembuatan gambar teknik.

2. Detail design

    Menggunakan data sheet yang tersedia, kemudian dilakukan engineering calculation dengan mengacu pada "Welding procedure specification ASME section VII Div 1 or 2". 

Shell Thickness Calculation

•  Circumferential Stress (Longitudinal Joints).

         When the thickness does not exceed one-half of the inside radius, or P does not 

         exceed 0.385SE, the following formulas shall apply:

 

• Longitudinal Stress (Circumferential Joints). 

       When the thickness does not exceed one-half of the inside radius, or P does not exceed 1.25SE, the following formulas shall apply:

     

• Spherical Shells.  

        When the thickness of the shell of a wholly spherical vessel does not exceed 0.356R,   or P does not exceed 0.665SE, the following formulasshall apply:

3. Procurement 

    Bill of material -> purchasing material -> incoming material (mill certificate and or 

    testing

4. Fabrication

    Ref. Detail Design      ->  Shop drawing

    Quality control plan        - Welder qualification

                                        - Welding procedure qualification

                                        - Inspection and testing procedure

5. Installation

    Installation procedure -> installation PV

  

Diketik oleh Abdurrachman Nur Ichsan, dari berbagai sumber

Unit Konversi Satuan

Unit Conversion

Length
1 in = 2.54 cm
1 cm = 0394 in
1 ft / ft = 12 inch = 30.5 cm
1 m = 39.37 in = 3.28 ft
1 mile / mile = 5280 feet = 1.6093 m
1 km = 0621 miles
1 sea mile (U.S.) = 1.15 mile = 6076 feet = 1.852 miles
1 fermi = 1 femtometer (fm) = 10 -15 m
1 angstrom (Å) = 10-10 m
1 light years (ly) = 9:46 x 1015 m
1 parsec = 3.26 ly = 3.09 1016 m
1 micron = 0.000001 m
1 elo length = 0687 m
1 pal java = 1506,943 m
1 pal Sumatran = 1851.85 m
1 acre = 4840 yards2
1 cicero = 12 punt = 4.8108 mm
1 acre = 2471 acres

Section width
1 acre / hectare / hecto acres = 10,000 m2
1 are = 1 dm2
1 km2 = 100 hectares

Volume
1 liter (L) = 1000 cm3 = 1 dm3 = 0.001 m3 = 1057 quart (U.S.) = 54.6 in3
1 gallon (U.S.) = 4 qt (U.S.) = 231 in3 = 3.78 L = 0.83 gal (imperial)
1 m3 = 35.31 ft3
Speed
1 mi / h = 1.47 ft / s = 1609 km / h = 0447 m / s
1 km / h = 0278 m / s = 0621 mi / h
1 ft / s = 0.305m / s = 0682 mi / h
1 m / s = 3.28ft / s = 3.60 km / h
1 knot = 1151 mi / h = 0.5144 m / s
Mass
1 atomic mass unit (u) = 1.6605 x ​​10-27
1 quintal / quintal = 100 kg
1 ton = 1,000 kg
1 kg = 10 oz = 0085 slug
1 kg = 2 pounds
1 kg of weight of 2:20 lb possesses with g = 9.81 m/s2
Angle
1 radian (rad) = 57 300 = 57 018 '
10 = 0.01745 rad
1 rev / min (rpm) = 0.1047 rad / s
Force
1 lb = 4:45 N
1 N = 105 dyne = 0225 lb
Time
1 day = 8.64 x 104 s
I year = 3156 x 107 s
Energy and Work
1 J = 107 erg = 0738 ft.lb
1 ft.lb = 1.36 J = 1.29 x 10-3 Btu = 3.24 x 10-4 kcal
1 kcal = 4.18 x 103 J = 3.97 Btu
1 eV = 1602 x 10-19 J
1 kWh = 3.60 x 106 J = 860 kcal
Power
1 W = 1 J / s = 0738 ftlb / s = 3.42 Btu / h
1 hp = 550 ftlb / s = 746 W
Pressure
1 atm = 1013 bar = 1103 x 105 N/m2 = 14.7 lb/in.2 = 760 torr
1 lb/in2 = 6.90 x 103 N/m2
1 Pa = 1 N/m2 = 1.45 x 10-4 lb/in.2
Value of Some Numbers
π = 3.1415927
e = 2.7182828
= 1.4142136
= 1.7320508
ln 2 = 0.6931472
ln 10 = 2.3025851
log e = 0.4342945
1 rad = 57.29577950
Hopefully useful ....

Konversi Satuan

Information Storage

• 1 bit = 0.125 byte (computers)
• 1 byte = 8 bit

Satuan panjang

• feet, meters, centimeters, kilometers, miles, furlongs, yards, micrometers, inches,angstrom, cubit, fathom, foot, hand, league, light year, micron, mil, nautical mile, rod,
• 1 m (meter) = 3.2808 ft = 39.37 in = 1.0936 yd = 6.214×10-4 mile
• 1 km = 0.6214 mile = 3281 ft = 1094 yds
• 1 in (inch) = 25.4 mm = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m = 0.08333 ft = 0.02778 yd = 1.578×10-5 mile
• 1 ft (foot) = 0.3048 m = 12 in = 0.3333 yd = 1.894×10-4 mile = 30.48 cm = 304.8 mm
• 1 mm = 10-3 m
• 1 cm = 10-2 m = 0.3937 in = 0.0328 ft = 1×108 Aangstrom = 0.03281 foot = 0.0984 hand (horses) = 0.3937 inch = 1×10-5 kilometer

Massa atau berat:

• 1 kg = 1,000 gram = 2.2046 lb = 6.8521×10-2 slug
• 1 lb = 16 oz = 0.4536 kg = 453.6 g = 7000 grains = 0.03108 slug
• 1 carat (metric) = 3.0865 grain = 0.2 gram = 200 milligram
• 1 Gal. H2O = 8.33 Lbs. H2O
• 1 g = 15.43 grains = 0.0353 oz = 0.002205 lb

Satuan Power tenaga:

• horsepower, kilowatt, watt,btu/second, calorie/second, foot lbf/second, kilocalorie/second
• 1 W = 1 kg m2/s3 = 1 Nm/s = 1 J/s
• 1 kW = 1,000 Watts = 3,412 Btu/h = 737.6/550 British hp = 1.341 British hp = 103/9.80665 kgf m/s = 737.6 ft lbf/s = 103/(9.80665 75) metric hp
• 1 hp (English horse power) = 745.7 W = 0.746 kW = 550 ft lb/s = 2,545 Btu/h = 33.000 ft lb/m = 1.0139 metric horse power ~= 1.0 KVA

Horse power – btu

• 1 horsepower (boiler) = 33445.6 Btu (mean)/hr = 140671.6 calorie/min (thermo)

Horse power –  calorie

• 1 horsepower (mech) = 2542.47 Btu (mean)/hr = 42.375 Btu (mean)/min = 0.7062 Btu (mean)/sec = 6.416×105 calorie/hr (termo) = 6.412×105 calorie (IST)/hr = 6.4069×105 calorie(mean)/hr = 10694 calorie/min (thermo) = 10686 calorie

Satuan Pressure- tekanan

• Standard Atmospheric Pressure 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m2 = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia = 0 psig = 29.92 in Hg = 760 torr = 33.95 Ft.H2O = 407.2 In.W.G (Water Gauge) = 2116.8 Lbs./Sq.Ft.
• 1 N/m2 = 1 Pa = 1.4504×10-4 lb/in2 = 1×10-5 bar = 4.03×10-3 in water = 0.336×10-3 ft water = 0.1024 mm water = 0.295×10-3 in mercury = 7.55×10-3 mm mercury = 0.1024 kg/m2 = 0.993×10-5 atm
• 1 Pa = 10-6 N/mm2 = 10-5 bar = 0.1020 kp/m2 = 1.02×10-4 m H2O = 9.869×10-6 atm = 1.45×10-4 psi (lbf/in2)

Tekanan ban dan injektor diesel:

• 1 atm = 101.325 kN/m2 = 1.01325 bar = 101.325 kPa = 14.7 psia
• TEKANAN BAN = 45 PSI= 45 Lb/In2 45X1.01325 BAR=45X 0,101.325 MPa = 45X1.01325 Kg/Cm2
• 1400 Psi = 10 MPa (INJEKTOR DIESEL)

Konversi Psi ke N/m2

• 1 psi (lb/in2) = 144 psf (lbf/ft2) = 6,894.8 Pa (N/m2) = 6.895×10-3 N/mm2 = 6.895×10-2 bar = 27.71 in H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.1 mm H2O at 62oF (16.7oC) = 2.0416 in mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 51.8 mm mercury at 62oF (16.7oC) = 703.6 kg/m2 = 0.06895 atm = 2.307 Ft. H2O = 16 ounces

Kaliber-kecepatan cahaya:

• 1 caliber = 0.01 inch = 0.254 mm
• 1 chain (Gunter or US Survey) = 2011.7 centimeter = 66.00013 foot = 66 foot (US Survey) = 0.1 Furlong (US Survey) = 792 inch (US Survey) = 100 link (Gunter) = 66.00013 link (Ramden) = 20.117 meter = 0.0125 mile (US statute) = 4 rod (US Survey) = 22 yard (US Survey)
• 1 light year = 63241.08 astronomical unit = 9.46073×1012 kilometer = 5.8786×1012 mile (US statute) = 0.306601 parsec

Mile – Inche

• 1 mm = 0.03937 in
• 1 Aangstrom = 10-10 m = 1×10-8 cm = 3.937×10-9 inch = 1×10-4 micrometer = 0.0001 micron = 0.1 millimicron
• 1 mile = 1.6093 km = 1,609.3 m = 63,346 in = 5,280 ft = 1,760 yd
• 1 mil (Norway and Sweden) = 10 kilometres
• 1 yd (yard) = 0.9144 m = 36 in = 3 ft = 5.682×10-4 mile

Moment Inertia:

• 1 kg m2 = 10000 kg cm2 = 54675 ounce in2 = 3417.2 lb in2 = 23.73 lb ft2